Ethiopia continues its economic ascent

As the world’s fastest-growing economy last year, Ethiopia is expected to continue its spectacular economic performance under its new prime minister, Abiy Ahmed. However, he must address the country’s inherent problems with energy supply and infrastructure to sustain this success

 

Ethiopia's charismatic new prime minister, Abiy Ahmed. Since coming to power, he has made bold moves to modernise and diversify his country's economy 

Ever since horrifying images of famished children hit our screens back in the 1980s, there has been a stigma attached to Ethiopia – one of a deeply impoverished nation, strangled by starvation. And, for some time, it was. But what may not be as widely known today is the utterly remarkable progress Ethiopia’s economy has made over the past decade. The country has in fact achieved double-digit GDP growth on average for the last 10 years (see Fig 1). Yes, Ethiopia has come a long way in a relatively short period of time, and yet, it’s still just at the start of its extraordinary story.

Perhaps what had been missing from the tale until now was a charismatic protagonist. Enter Abiy Ahmed, as of April 2, Ethiopia’s 15th prime minister. Abiy has taken the country by storm, and in just a few months has achieved what most leaders could only hope for during an entire tenure: establishing peace with neighbouring Eritrea; rousing a disenchanted population; pushing forward with key infrastructure development; opening up the economy to further financial investment; and winning support from the Ethiopian diaspora.

A unifying force 
Heading up the Oromo People’s Democratic Organisation – one of four parties comprising the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front coalition – Abiy is Ethiopia’s first prime minister from Oromia, the country’s biggest ethnically based state.

Abiy is a breath of fresh air. He has made moves to modernise the economy and loosen the monopoly of key sectors

“That really seems to matter to some of the tension of Ethiopian politics,” said Christopher Cramer, Professor of the Political Economy of Development at SOAS University of London. Though they comprise around one third of Ethiopia’s 100-million-strong population, the Oromo people have been marginalised for decades. Increasing violence, anti-government rallies and deadly clashes have dominated Ethiopian politics for the past three years in particular.

Since Abiy came to the fore, however, significant progress has been made to quell the dissent. Of note, a new amnesty law was introduced, releasing political prisoners and reversing the overzealous security measures that have long inflicted the country. In freeing prominent journalists and opposition leaders, Abiy has successfully begun the difficult task of rebuilding trust in a faction that had long been discontented with the government. In August, Abiy signed a new peace agreement with the Oromo Liberation Front, consolidating this new phase in the country’s stability.

Abiy’s background plays a significant role in his widespread support. Highly educated, he has a master’s degree in transformational leadership from the University of Greenwich and a PhD in peace and security studies from Addis Ababa University.

Though he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel during military service, Abiy also served as a UN peacekeeper in Rwanda in 1995. Abiy then gained prominence when he founded the Information Network and Security Agency in 2007, and continued to work as director of the organisation responsible for Ethiopia’s cyber security. In 2016, he was appointed as the Minister for Science and Technology.

At 42, he’s the youngest leader on the African continent. His youth is reflected in his style of leadership, his stirring rhetoric and the speed with which he is taking action – in short, Abiy is a breath of fresh air. Since coming to power, he has made moves to modernize the economy and loosen the monopoly of key sectors. This news is a boon to the aviation industry in particular, given Ethiopian Airlines’ status as Africa’s largest and fastest-growing airline. Competition for a 30 to 40 percent stake in state-run Ethio Telecom is also heating up.

$4.7bn

Expected cost of the Grand Renaissance Dam

6,450MW

Expected power generated by the Grand Renaissance Dam

$11bn

Amount spent on Ethiopia’s roads over the last 20 years

Regionally, Abiy has already made his mark. In June, he visited Egyptian premier Abdel Fattah al-Sisi to break a deadlock hindering the construction of the star in Ethiopia’s infrastructure development plans – the Grand Renaissance Dam (GERD). Fearing a reduction in Egypt’s water supply, Sisi had expressed “grave concern” about the mammoth hydroelectric project. A pledge in person from Abiy, however, saw the pair reach an agreement on Ethiopia’s work on the Blue Nile.

Then, of course, came Abiy’s monumental announcement (also in June) that Ethiopia would accept the 2000 Algiers Agreement, signalling long-awaited peace with Eritrea. The news marked the resumption of trade between the countries; interstate flights have commenced, while phone lines have also been re-established. With Ethiopia once being Eritrea’s largest trading partner, the potential gains are a game-changer for both countries.

Unsurprisingly, with such triumphs in tow, Abiy has enraptured the Ethiopian diaspora – an important vehicle for foreign investment. “There’s just so much positive energy around the new prime minister,” according to Vijaya Ramachandran, Senior Fellow at the Centre for Global Development. “I think there’s an enormous amount of hope that he can bring stability to the region, that he can mobilise investment, and certainly I think the diaspora is enthusiastic – everybody wants to help him succeed.”

A decade of growth
Naturally, a number of the successes sparking international admiration were already underway before Abiy came onto the scene. Indeed, last June, the World Bank labelled Ethiopia the world’s fastest-growing economy. According to a new report by the organisation, its GDP growth for the 2017 fiscal year reached an enviable 10.9 percent, while growth for the period from July 2017 to June 2018 is forecast at 9.6 percent.

10x

Increase in Ethiopia’s GDP since 2000

20%

Decrease in extreme poverty in Ethiopia between 2000 and 2011

“It’s very important to stress that it is not only a sustained period of very rapid growth, it was actually achieved in a country that is not resource-rich,” Cramer said. “It’s not a matter of being driven by oil, diamonds and so on. So it is quite an unusual record and very important in the context of sub-Saharan Africa.” Despite this lack of resources and the fact that it is landlocked, Ethiopia has managed to increase its GDP tenfold since 2000. Extreme poverty, meanwhile, dropped by over 20 percent between 2000 and 2011.

Ethiopia’s shift from recurrent to capital expenditure has formed the foundation of the country’s socioeconomic transformation, its focus on infrastructure development in particular being instrumental.

“Many orthodox economists tend to criticize high government spending in lower income countries, [but] what you notice is that, to some extent grudgingly, many people have come to accept that it has actually been really important in Ethiopia – not without its difficulties of course, but it has,” Cramer explained. “So you’ll see World Bank economists, for example, acknowledging that a set of heterodox policies, combining around a programmer of large-scale public spending, has been at the basis of this period of growth.”

Filling the transport void

Despite its rapid GDP growth, Ethiopia’s woeful transportation infrastructure has acted as a stranglehold on the economy for decades. In 1990, the country – which is around twice the size of Texas – had just 19,000km of roads. Transforming this situation has been crucial. 

Thanks to the government’s refocused spending ($11bn has been spent on roads over the past two decades) together with a growing inflow of foreign investment (FDI has increased fivefold from $814.6m to $4.17bn between FY 2007/08 and FY 2016/17), by 2015 Ethiopia’s roads stretched 100,000km around the country. Showing no signs of abating, today foreign investment continues to bolster the network, while 20 percent of the government’s infrastructure spending is dedicated to road building, equating to $1.7bn annually.

Railway construction is another symbol of the government’s determined strategy. In September 2015, a new 32km light rail system opened in the country’s capital, the first of its kind in sub-Saharan Africa. The Chinese-funded project has enabled some 60,000 citizens from the city’s suburbs to travel into the center for work – and affordably, too. Further plans are in the pipeline to connect the electrified network with the national train system by 2025, earmarking the government’s plans to become a transportation hub for neighboring countries.

The 750km-long electric railway connecting Addis Ababa to the Red Sea via the Port of Djibouti best encapsulates this aim. Inaugurated in October 2016 and beginning commercial operations in January 2018, the line reduces transit time from two-to-three days to around 10 hours. With faster and cheaper access to the sea through Djibouti, the railway is a boon to the country’s burgeoning manufacturing sector.

Behind such assertive plans is a coherent approach to leadership, which Cramer believes to be pivotal in the economy’s transformation. “They thrash out arguments, come to a consensus view and then drive ahead,” he explained. “There was a coherent, determined leadership and it was organised around delivering development, and increasingly around accelerating structural transformation.”

Ethiopia’s woeful transportation infrastructure has acted as a stranglehold on the economy for decades

Cramer also attributes Ethiopia’s recent economic success to pragmatic – rather than ideological – leadership: “They are very willing to learn from a range of other countries’ experiences and to talk to all manner of people – from western investors, the IMF and the World Bank to the Chinese Communist Party. They study the past record of industrial paths in Vietnam… Mauritius and elsewhere before making their own strategic choices. That pragmatism goes with a willingness sometimes to learn from mistakes and to kind of adjust direction and move forward.”

An enticing investment

Such infrastructure development has obvious effects on the economy, but there is another reason pushing momentum forward so rapidly: Ethiopia’s vision to become a manufacturing hub. In recent years, the nation has boasted formidable success in using its very competitive rates to persuade foreign manufacturers to set up shop in the country.

One of the first such manufacturers was Huajian Group, a Chinese shoe manufacturer that employs around 4,000 people in an industrial park outside the Ethiopian capital. Big-name clothing brands have since followed suit, including the US’ Gap, Germany’s Tchibo and Sweden’s H&M. 

In 2017, the industry received another windfall when not one but three fashion giants set up factories in the country: PVH, of Calvin Klein and Tommy Hilfiger fame; Velocity Apparels Companies, which boasts the likes of Zara and Levi’s; and Jiangsu Sunshine Group, the manufacturer for Hugo Boss and Giorgio Armani. According to Ethiopia’s investment commission at the time, a further 150 companies from China and India would soon begin sourcing production from Ethiopia.

Ramachandran, who co-authored the 2017 paper Can Africa Be a Manufacturing Destination? Labour Costs in Comparative Perspective, shed light on the shift: “Manufacturing, particularly light manufacturing, is… driven by the cost of labour. That’s a very critical component in the overall cost, and Ethiopia’s manufacturing sector is competitive globally.” Indeed, Ethiopia’s low labour costs put it in direct competition with market leaders like Bangladesh.

“The government itself is very focused on industrializing and is… serious about developing Ethiopia as a manufacturing destination, and so the new industrial zones in Hawassa and Bole Lemi are good examples of very significant government interest and investments,” said Ramachandran. “I think this is a significant factor as well because it conveys a positive signal to investors.”

Its goal, former prime minister Hailemariam Desalegn told reporters when Hawassa became fully operational in July 2017, is to create “millions of new jobs in labour-intensive and export-oriented light manufacturing”. He added: “The Hawassa industrial park is the most evident and concrete example yet towards achieving our national vision, and marks a milestone in our quest for industrialization.”

Being one of the country’s greatest assets, Ethiopia’s enormous population is at the core of this mission. Importantly, the people are ready and willing. “There is a large supply of young people who are interested to move from the informal or the semi-formal sector into the formal sector,” Ramachandran told said. “That pool is very advantageous for the process of industrialization.” Talking about workers in the Bole Lemi zone, who were interviewed for the study, Ramachandran continued: “Many of them said that the concept of working in factories is good for the country – there is that sense of patriotism and wanting the country to succeed.”

Quenching the power thirst

Though Ethiopia is the rising star of light manufacturing, challenges remain, ranging from those of bureaucracy to issues with cotton quality. However, most pressing is the issue of energy stability.

For too long, energy apartheid has stifled countries in sub-Saharan Africa – Ethiopia being no exception. “Power outages have for a long time been a major constraint. And the [greater] the demand for energy power – as with more investment and manufacturing and in high-value agriculture commodities – the bigger that constraint becomes,” said Cramer.

In recent years, Ethiopia has boasted formidable success in attracting foreign manufacturers to set up shop in the country

While many investors are hopeful that the country’s new industrial zones will result in large-scale garment assembly and manufacturing, the unreliable supply of electricity is a concern. “Without [reliable electricity], it’ll be very hard to expand. I think the government is very aware of this and is making the necessary infrastructure investments in various types of energy,” said Ramachandran. “I think it’ll be important for them to stay on this track and stay focused on this goal.”

As Ramachandran notes, the government is indeed aware of the importance of overcoming this particular challenge. Fortunately, it is taking advantage of the country’s hydroelectric potential and has built a number of dams in recent years, that which has grabbed the most attention being the aforementioned GERD. And for good reason: its potential is tremendous. With an expected generation capacity of 6,450MW, the GERD project is set to become the biggest dam in Africa, and according to The Ethiopian Messenger will “triplicate Ethiopia’s consumed energy”.

Cramer said: “These kinds of projects have the potential to start to overcome the [power] shortage. And that’s both in terms of the scope – the electrification of rural areas, for people to be able to study adult education in the evenings, or for public safety on roads at night etc – but it’s also what underpins industrialization and change.”

Significantly, the GERD will also act as a driving force for exporting electricity to neighbouring nations, which in turn will prove crucial to generating foreign exchange. Indeed, the dam has become a powerful symbol for the country. Costing a whopping $4.7bn, the GERD has been funded and constructed almost solely by Ethiopians, marking a monumental step in the state’s ability to stand on its own two feet and demonstrating its status as a regional power.

The best is yet to come

From the dire straits publicized around the western world in the not-too-distant past, Ethiopia is now on the cusp of a complete transformation. Its remarkable economic growth makes it a beacon of inspiration for the entire region; indeed, it holds a number of lessons from which other developing nations can draw. 

First, it highlights the importance of government spending – even in low-income countries – particularly in areas that are stifling the economy. In Ethiopia, the government has maintained a determined focus on improving transportation and energy infrastructure, and it has done so through a commendable combination of local financing, the facilitation of foreign investment, securing loans from international entities and the
help of the diaspora.

As explained by Cramer, Ethiopia has also demonstrated the value of learning from others – speaking to various organisations and experts, studying the development of other economies and learning from their pitfalls. In the case of Ethiopia, having a strong, coherent leadership in place, which is steadfastly focused on a long-term strategy, has been crucial in this approach.

Now with Abiy at the helm, the economy has received yet another boost, thanks in large part to his quick work and charisma. Today, the country is more stable than it has been for years – foreign investors are further motivated, while the population is amply inspired. 

The time is ripe for the country to firmly push itself into the next phase of its development: becoming a hub for sub-Saharan Africa in terms of manufacturing, transportation, energy and economic leadership. With more reliable energy soon to follow, the country’s grand ambitions are actually within reach. Ethiopia’s economic story is truly extraordinary – and the best part is, it’s not over yet.